editing

  • Editing, Writing

    Trust issues: Why trusting your reader is vital for strong storytelling

    A lack of trust can erode your story in subtle ways. Here’s how it tends to show up and how to show your reader you trust them.

    Two women sit on a couch with a pile of books and papers between them.

    As a journalist, one of the most common questions I field when interviewing people is: “Can I see the article before it goes to print?”

    Even though I’m used to it, I can’t help but sigh whenever they ask.

    Why? Inevitably, the subject of your article will want to make changes.

    On a journalistic level that’s a huge no-no as it compromises the integrity of your work. But even for a softer piece (ie: not the stuff of Walkley Awards), it can be an issue if your subject baulks at off-the-cuff comments they made that bring life and 

    colour to the story, and attempts to replace them with bland, pre-prepared answers.

    What I wish I could tell them is: Trust me to do my job well. Trust that others won’t judge you for showing a little personality.

    Trust is key in fiction writing too.

    Not only do you need to trust that a far-off reader will one day enjoy the story you’re working so hard to write, but you have to trust that future reader to get it – the joke, the emotion, the connections.

    In short, trust that your reader is smart enough to pick up what you’re putting down.

    As an editor, something I see a lot is writers who don’t yet trust their reader. It tends to show up in their work in two big ways.

    The big-picture info dump

    The first is with long blocks of backstory or world-building information that tell the reader exactly what they need to know right off the bat. We call these ‘info dumps’ because, well, you get it.

    This often looks like exposition that summarises the story’s setting or context before any action occurs. Or it might be a character reflecting on something important that happened to them in the past in lengthy detail.

    If you come across this in your work, see if you can show the information instead. Make your protagonist active in the world you’re creating and allow important details to come out organically as they interact with the setting and other characters.

    If it’s backstory that’s important to a character’s current situation, consider whether you need to give the reader all of it in one go. Maybe you can hint at a past betrayal or hurt at a critical moment and build up those hints with more detail as the story unfolds to create intrigue.

    And in both cases, resist the urge to repeat key details. Trust that your reader will be banking this info in their memory as they absorb the story.

    The sentence-level tells

    Another way a lack of trust shows up is with adverbial speech tags and/or explanations after dialogue.

    For instance, if you write something like:

    • ‘I hate that this is happening again,’ he shouted angrily, reminding her that they had already had this argument, over and over, and nothing had changed.

    Consider if you’re going a little too far in telling the reader what’s happening. Is the dialogue enough to a) convey that he’s angry, and b) tell the reader that the characters have been in this situation before? Yes and yes.

    A simple solution is to cut the adverb ‘angrily’. The speech tag ‘shouted’ does the job.

    But what about the rest of the line? Rather than hammering the point home to ensure your reader picks up on the significance of this moment, what if you show it through the POV character’s reaction?

    • ‘I hate that this is happening again,’ he shouted.
      She closed her eyes. It would be different this time. It had to be.

    This rework immediately creates curiosity in the reader. They understand that this is something that’s happened before. Now they’re asking, What happened? And why does it need to change?

    Learning to trust your reader in this way can be scary – it feels a lot like giving up control. What if they don’t get it? What if they miss something important?

    But trust in fiction is also about respect. When you take care not to over-explain, you convey to the reader that you respect their intelligence and their role in bringing your story to life.

    Because when you think about it, writing and reading is a collaboration. You’re teaming up with your reader to conjure the world and characters you’ve created in their imagination.

    The reader is trusting you to tell them a great story. Trust them to understand it.

    This post originally appeared in my fortnightly newsletter. If you’d like writing advice like this sent directly to your inbox, sign up via the form below. And if you’re looking for an editor you can trust with your story, reach out for a free sample edit of 1000 words.

  • Editing, Writing

    When is the best time to work with beta readers?

    Here are my top three tips for authors preparing to send their work out to beta readers

    A question fiction authors often ask me is: When should I get beta readers involved in my process? Before or after editing? Early on in my drafting process or just before publishing?

    (For the uninitiated, a beta reader is someone who reads and gives feedback on your unpublished work. It’s a sense-test for how your novel will be received by your ideal audience.)

    For the most part I’m a bit of a fence-sitter in my replies, because I don’t think there’s one right way to work with beta readers, just as there isn’t one right way to write a book.

    Bu-ut … I do have some thoughts that might be helpful to keep in mind if you’re considering working with beta readers. Here’s my two cents.

    There is such a thing as ‘too soon’

    If you’ve just finished a first draft of your story you might be feeling excited or anxious to get an outside perspective. You’ve been deep in the weeds with it and you want to know now before you go any further if you’re on the right track.

    The trouble with sending your work out to beta readers at this stage is that you can end up thoroughly confused by their responses. If you’re not sure yet where your story is going, your readers won’t be either, and they’re more likely to give you unclear or random feedback that has the potential to muddle your vision.

    While beta readers are sometimes writers themselves, it’s not necessarily the case, and they may not have the language or knowledge to express why something feels off in your story.

    My advice is to hold off on beta reading until later in your process when you’ve locked down the big-picture elements and you can articulate specific areas you’d like reader feedback on, such as pacing, plot predictability or character relatability.

    If you do want that early reader input, consider working with a critique partner (for example, a fellow writer who understands the conventions of plot and character) or joining a writing group or course, where you’re more likely to get targeted, useful feedback.

    Choose your beta readers wisely

    If you’re writing in a specific genre, it’s important to connect with beta readers who regularly read and enjoy that genre. These are your ideal readers, the people who are likely to buy your book when it’s published.

    That might sound obvious, but consider this scenario: one of your good friends is a big reader and you really respect their opinion, so you’ve shared your manuscript with them. But your friend is a fan of crime and literary fiction, and you’re writing romance.

    If your beta readers don’t understand the conventions of romance or enjoy the type of story that has a happy ever after, your novel’s plot might not engage them and they could suggest changes that aren’t suitable for your genre or trope. Worse, you might end up feeling crappy about your story just because it didn’t hit with someone outside your target readership.

    Take your time responding to feedback

    When you receive feedback, take the time to let it sink in before you make changes. As writers we can doubt our own decision-making and defer to others’ opinions, but making knee-jerk decisions based on an array of responses can end up giving your manuscript a Frankenstein feel.

    If, say, you receive feedback that one of your characters is annoying and unlikeable, consider how you might respond to that. Should you remove the character? That’s an option – but what flow-on effects would that have?

    Perhaps the feedback is really telling you that your character needs more development on the page so readers can understand what’s driving their behaviours.

    The same goes for plot points that beta readers might flag as dull – rather than cut or replace them, how could you raise the stakes and tension?

    Commonalities in beta readers’ feedback are worth noting, but don’t feel compelled to respond to every quibble your readers have raised. Remember, as the author, you know your story and characters best. Take what resonates and feel free to disregard what doesn’t.

    I’d love to know – do you work with beta readers? What tips would you give other authors?

    If you enjoyed this post, sign up to my newsletter! Every fortnight I share tips, advice and thoughts on writing and editing with my community. You’ll also receive my free guide, How to Know You’re Ready for Editing.

  • How-to

    Everything you need to know about semicolons

    If you’re confused about how to use semicolons correctly, I’ve got all the advice you need (and it’s not nearly as tricky as you might expect).

    In editing news just in (loosely speaking), research has revealed that semicolons are slowly exiting stage (page?) left. The controversial punctuation mark’s usage has declined more than 50 per cent in British books in the last two decades.

    I don’t have figures for Australian books but I would not be shocked if the semicolon’s decline was just as stark here.

    And honestly, I don’t blame writers for giving it a hard pass. It’s a confusing piece of punctuation – and entirely optional to boot. Why bother trying to figure out how to use semicolons correctly when you can opt for a dash?

    I’ve certainly been there.

    I don’t recall ever being taught how to use semicolons correctly in school and I avoided this punctuation mark like the plague when I became a staff writer in magazine land. But, as an editor I couldn’t ignore it, and now I’ve come to love it. Truly!

    These days I think it would be a shame to lose the semicolon. It’s quite an elegant bit of grammar and I promise you will feel like you’ve unlocked a new level of language when you understand how it works.

    Even better: it’s not nearly as tricky as it seems.

    What to know about semicolons

    A semicolon is the punctuation mark that stacks a full stop over a comma, like this: ;

    It has only two uses. (Or three, if you include its use as a winky face emoticon ; )

    The first is one you’re probably already familiar with: to clarify a complicated list. A semicolon separates items in a list when the items are phrases that are already punctuated by commas. For example:

    •  

    The second use for a semicolon is the one that tends to trip us up. It’s used to connect two independent clauses. The semicolon is a gentle nudge to the reader that there is a close relationship between them, stronger than a full stop would indicate. Like this: 

    • I love punctuation; learning to use the semicolon was life-changing for me.
    • She slept soundly through the storm; the strong winds and loud thunder didn’t bother her.

    The independent part of that definition is vital; the clauses must be able to stand on their own. If you use a comma instead of a semicolon, you have created a comma splice, which is a type of run-on sentence that grammar nerds love to hate.

    Here are some examples:

    • Incorrect (comma splice): He burst through the window, the shattered glass cut his hands.
    • Correct: He burst through the window; the shattered glass cut his hands.
    •  
    • Incorrect (comma splice): You don’t owe me an apology, I was out of line.
    • Correct: You don’t owe me an apology; I was out of line.

    The truth is you can get away with a comma splice here and there in informal writing, especially fiction (and especially if you’re doing it on purpose – know the rules to break the rules, etcetera).

    When not to use a semicolon

    A common misconception seems to be that the semicolon can be used in place of a comma whenever you want to indicate a dramatic pause. For instance, you might be tempted to write something like:

    • The river stretched before him, wide and silver; beckoning him across the expanse.

    While it might feel poetic, it’s technically incorrect because the text after the semicolon is a dependent clause. Rather than the semicolon in the example above, a comma will do nicely.

    Another common mistake is using a semicolon in place of a colon, especially when introducing a list. 

    • Incorrect: She planned to travel to several cities; Paris, France; Sydney, Australia; New York, USA; and Berlin, Germany.
    • Correct: She planned to travel to several cities: Paris, France; Sydney, Australia; New York, USA; and Berlin, Germany.

    And just to throw the cat among the punctuation pigeons, one notable exception to semicolon rule is when the clauses are short and similar in form. In this case, comma splice away. William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White, authors of The Elements of Style, will allow it. For example:

    • Here today, gone tomorrow.
    • It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.

    You’ll likely recognise the latter example as a shortened version of the opening line of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, who was a famous semicolon fan. Go figure.

    More semicolon dos and don’ts

    Do use semicolons with conjunction adverbs such as however, moreover or consequently.

    • He wanted to go to bed; however, the party was raging on. 

    Some people will argue that you shouldn’t use a semicolon before coordinating conjunctions such as but, and, or, so, for, nor and yet. 

    It’s true that the semicolon replaces conjunctions when joining two independent clauses. But, it’s not an all-or-nothing scenario. When a conjunction is used after a semicolon, it indicates greater contrast or emphasis. For example:  

    • The professor argued that English literature students should always focus on the classics; yet contemporary fiction has its place in the academic world too.

    What about capitalisation? If the semicolon is joining two complete sentences, shouldn’t the sentence after the semicolon start with a capital letter? 

    No. The semicolon doesn’t enjoy the full powers of a full stop, so the second sentence doesn’t need to begin with a capital letter unless it’s a proper noun.

    Summing up

    Whenever you feel compelled to drop a semicolon, double and triple check that the words on either side are complete sentences.

    Ask yourself, can I use a full stop here instead? If you can, you’re on the right track.

    Honestly, learning how to use semicolons correctly takes a bit of time and patience, but it’s so rewarding once you’re friends.

    In one of my favourite books on punctuation, Eats, Shoots & Leaves, author Lynne Truss writes: ‘The semicolon has rightly been called “a compliment from the writer to the reader”.’

    I love this idea – it acknowledges the nuance of the semicolon, which gently asks the reader to notice the connection the author is drawing between ideas and to hear the subtle distinction in rhythm and tone.

    What a joy to be able to do so much with a single mark.

    Want help with your punctuation bugbears? Get in touch to talk about a copyedit for your work.

  • Editing, How-to

    How to punctuate dialogue in fiction

    Polishing your dialogue punctuation is an easy way to make your manuscript look professional and keep who’s speaking clear for your reader.

    Proper dialogue punctuation isn’t just about following the rules. It makes the reading experience seamless and enjoyable for your audience, allowing them to focus on the conversation and immerse in the scene you’ve created.

    There are two big problems with inconsistent or incorrect punctuation. The first is that it pulls your reader out of the story as they trip over confusing sentences or grammar faux pas. The second is that it immediately marks you as an amateur. And that’s the last thing you want to flag to potential readers, agents or publishers.

    So, here’s how to punctuate dialogue in fiction properly, from the basics to some next-level tips (and yes, these apply to non-fiction writers too). 

    Which quote marks to use?

    Choose from either single or double quote marks and stick with it.

    Books published in Australia and the UK tend to use single quote marks with nested doubles for quoting within the quote.

    • For example: ‘Hey, do you like that song “Espresso” by Sabrina Carpenter?’

    US books (and Australian newspapers and magazines, just to keep us on our toes) reverse this, using double quotes with nested singles: 

    • “No, I much prefer Dua Lipa’s new song, ‘Illusion’.”

    You can choose which you prefer; I promise it doesn’t matter. The only rule is to be consistent with your choice.

    Do I have to use quote marks?

    Nope! Some good alternatives might be to put speech in italics, or to use dashes before dialogue, with each speaker taking a new line, the way you might see it set out in a transcript or play. (This can be confusing if there are more than two speakers, however!) But honestly, I don’t recommend going without quote marks altogether. Readers are so familiar with quote marks they barely register them. But when they’re missing, they really notice it. It can trip up some readers as they struggle to differentiate between narrative prose and dialogue, and that can pull them out of the story, which is the last thing you want.

    For some authors it’s a stylistic choice – and that’s totally fine. Sarah Winman, Kate Grenville and Deborah Levy are among the modern authors who have chosen this approach. If you love that style (and you’re writing literary fiction), go for it!

    My advice, however, is to leave this controversial move to the literary greats and use quote marks for your dialogue, especially you’re writing commercial genre fiction. Don’t give your readers a reason to put your book down!

    How to punctuate dialogue with a speech tag

    OK, let’s get into the nitty gritty.

    Speech tags are phrases that report how a character is speaking, such as said/says, reply/replied, ask/asked. They’re so common that they’re often as ‘invisible’ to readers as quote marks.

    When a speech tag follows dialogue, use a comma before the closing quote mark. For example:

    • Single quotes: ‘Amber, I love your shoes,’ said Violet.
    • Double quotes: “Amber, I love your shoes,” said Violet.

    Don’t place the comma outside the closing quote mark, like this:

    • Wrong: ‘Amber, I love your shoes’, said Violet.
    • Wrong: “Amber, I love your shoes”, said Violet.

    If the speech ends with a question mark or exclamation mark, a comma before the closing quote mark is NOT needed. 

    Here are some examples with both single and double quote marks:

    • Wrong: ‘I love your shoes!,’ Violet said.
    • Right: ‘I love your shoes!’ Violet said.
    • Wrong: “Do you really like them?,” Amber replied.
    • Right: “Do you really like them?” Amber replied.

    And even though it goes against what you learned at primary school, don’t be tempted to use a capital letter for the word following a question mark or exclamation mark in dialogue. For example:

    • Wrong: ‘I love your shoes!’ She said.
    • Right: ‘I love your shoes!’ she said.

    The exception: if you’re using a proper noun:

    • ‘I love your shoes!’ Violet said.

    What about if you want to put a speech tag before the speech? Use a comma after the speech tag and before the opening quote mark. Then finish the dialogue with a full stop inside the quote marks.

    • Violet said, ‘Amber, I love your shoes.’
    • Amber replied, ‘Thank you, I got them on sale.’

    How to punctuate dialogue without a speech tag

    You might not always want to use a speech tag. Once your characters are in the rhythm of a conversation, you don’t need to indicate who is speaking every time, because the convention of putting each speaker’s dialogue on a new line keeps it clear. In this case, simply finish the dialogue with a full stop (or other terminal punctuation like a question mark or exclamation mark) inside the quote marks. For example:

    • Single quotes: ‘Amber, I love your shoes.’
    • Double quotes: “Amber, I love your shoes.”
    • Single quotes: ‘Thank you, I really like them too!’
    • Double quotes: “Thank you, I really like them too!”

    How to punctuate dialogue with action beats

    Action beats show how a character is moving or reacting during dialogue. They’re similar to speech tags in that they indicate who is speaking, but they add a little extra characterisation that allows the author to ‘show’ rather than ‘tell’, so they’re a great device to use in fiction.

    To punctuate dialogue with an action beat instead of a speech tag, use a full stop before the closing quote mark instead of a comma. The action beat is in bold in the examples below. (Note: I’ll use single quotes for the rest of these examples – the punctuation is exactly the same when using double quote marks.)

    • ‘Amber, I love your shoes.’ Violet crouched down for a closer look.
    • ‘Really? Thank you.’ Amber glowed with pleasure at the compliment.

    If the speech ends with a question mark or exclamation mark, use that as your terminal punctuation instead of a full stop.

    • ‘Thanks, Violet!’ Amber blushed.

    Keep an eye out for action beats masquerading as speech tags. For instance, laugh, smile, frown, sigh, wink and yawn are actions, not speech. So, if you catch something like:

    • ‘Amber, I love your shoes,’ Violet smiled.
    • ‘Thanks,’ Amber winked.

    Change the comma to a full stop, as you would when using an action beat:

    • ‘Amber, I love your shoes.’ Violet smiled.
    • ‘Thanks.’ Amber winked.

    If you want to combine a speech tag with an action beat, use a comma to separate the speech tag from the action beat, like this:

    • ‘Amber, I love your shoes,’ Violet said, crouching down for a closer look.
    • ‘Thanks,’ Amber replied, twisting her ankle to show off the strappy heel.

    How to punctuate dialogue interruptions and trailing off

    To show someone’s voice trailing off, use an ellipsis inside the quote marks. No other terminal punctuation is needed. For bonus points, avoid telling the reader that the speaker’s voice has trailed off. The ellipsis does that work for you.

    • ‘Could I borrow them?’ Violet asked.
    • ‘I guess …’ Amber said.

    (Try to avoid writing: ‘I guess …’ Amber said, trailing off.)

    Here’s another example:

    • Wrong: ‘I wonder if …,’
    • Right: ‘I wonder if …’

    If you want to show speech that has been interrupted or broken off, use an em dash at the end of the interrupted sentence. No full stop or comma is needed after the dash, just your closing quote mark:

    • Right: ‘Wow, those shoes are—’ 
    • Wrong: ‘Wow, those shoes are—.’

    How to differentiate speakers

    Remember when I said above that you don’t always need to use a speech tag to tell a reader who is saying what? The conventional way to indicate different speakers in a conversation is to put each speaker’s dialogue on a new line. This is a tried-and-true format that makes dialogue easy to follow without too many overt cues.

    Even if the speaker isn’t speaking but simply reacting to something that the other character has said, put that action on a new line too. Otherwise you risk confusing your reader. For example, if you wrote:

    • ‘Wow, those shoes are amazing,’ Violet said. ‘I know.’ Amber looked smug.

    The reader will likely be confused for a second, because with both speakers’ dialogue and Amber’s reaction on the one line, it’s hard to differentiate between who said what. Instead, place Amber’s response and reaction on a new line to avoid confusing readers even for an instant.

    • ‘Wow, those shoes are amazing,’ Violet said.
    • ‘I know.’ Amber looked smug.

    How to punctuate dialogue that’s broken up with a speech tag or action beat

    Say you want to break up one character’s dialogue with a speech tag. This can be helpful to break up long stretches of dialogue and to enhance characterisation. Here’s how you’d do it if you were placing a speech tag between two complete sentences:

    • ‘I don’t care what you think,’ he said. ‘Your opinion doesn’t matter to anyone.’

    In this case, I don’t care what you think and Your opinion doesn’t matter to anyone are separate sentences, so you simply punctuate the first sentence with a comma as you would any other dialogue. There’s no need to add a speech tag to the second sentence because it’s already clear who’s speaking, so a full stop before the closing quote mark is all that’s needed.

    If you’re inserting an action beat between two complete sentences, there’s no need for a comma at the end of the first sentence because, as shown above, it isn’t followed by a speech tag. So a full stop before the closing quote mark in both sentences is all that’s required. Take a look at this example:

    • ‘I didn’t want you to come.’ Joan crossed her arms. ‘I just want to be alone.’

    If your speech tag interrupts one sentence rather than two complete sentences, use a comma after the speech tag and a lower case letter in the next clause to indicate the sentence is continuing. Here are a couple of examples:

    • ‘I don’t care what you think,’ he said, ‘because your opinion means nothing to me.’
    • ‘We went to the shops,’ she said quickly, ‘then the pool, then the library.’

    What about if you want to break up the sentence with an action beat rather than a speech tag? This can be a great way to add tension or emotion to a scene. In this case, use dashes outside the quote marks to separate the speech from the action. No commas are needed. Take a look at these examples:

    • ‘I told you’ – Amy jabbed a finger at his chest – ‘I’m not giving up.’
    • ‘What if he’s not guilty? What if he really is’ – Aaron swallowed roughly – ‘innocent?’

    If you’re using em dashes, it would look like this:

    • ‘I told you’—Amy jabbed a finger at his chest—‘I’m not giving up.’

    Remember, if the action is related to another speaker, it needs to be treated carefully. Ideally you’d put it on a new line, otherwise it can look like the speech is coming from a different character to the one you intended. Consider this line of Amy’s from above, interrupted with an action from Aaron and punctuated as though it were a speech tag:

    • ‘I don’t care what you say,’ Aaron glanced at her, shocked, ‘I’m not giving up.’

    It reads as though Aaron is speaking, right? That’s because the commas before the quote marks signal to your practiced reader eye that a speech tag is coming. Using a speech tag or adding dashes and tweaking the action beat to include Amy would fix it:

    • Speech tag: ‘I don’t care what you say,’ Amy replied, and Aaron glanced at her, shocked. ‘I’m not giving up.’
    • Dashes: ‘I don’t care what you say’ – Amy narrowed her eyes as Aaron shook his head – ‘I’m not giving up.’

    If the action interrupting dialogue is related to a different character and is followed by their speech, place the action and speech on a new line. In this example, Aaron follows his glance with dialogue:

    • ‘I don’t care what you say!’ Amy replied.
    • Aaron glanced at her. ‘It’s dangerous, Amy. I think you should reconsider.’
    • ‘I’m not giving up.’

    Common dialogue punctuation mistakes

    Let’s rehash. Dialogue punctuation is super important because getting it right guides your reader and helps them to stay immersed in the story. There are lots of nuances to dialogue punctuation, but I’ve covered the most common ones fiction writers are likely to encounter here.

    The dialogue mistakes I regularly see in fiction and non-fiction manuscripts:

    • – Using quote marks inconsistently
    • – Placing commas or full stops outside the closing punctuation mark
    • – Punctuating action beats as speech tags.

    Getting a handle on these will give your manuscript a professional edge and mark you as a serious writer. And even better, when you know how to punctuate dialogue properly, you can focus on making that dialogue shine.

    If you have any more questions about how to punctuate dialogue in fiction, drop me a line! And if you’d like help wrangling your manuscript’s grammar, get in touch with me to chat about a line and copyedit for your project. I offer a free sample edit so you can see exactly how copyediting will enhance your storytelling and clarify your message.

  • Author interviews

    Jade May is empowering her readers

    This author of spicy contemporary romance is bringing pleasure out of the shadows.

    Jade May author

    Romance authors know all too well that writing about love and relationships will likely lead to a few dismissive remarks and suggestive comments. If your books rank on the higher end of the chilli-rating system, it’s a guarantee. But what these raised eyebrows and sleazy winks fail to acknowledge is the important role that the romance genre plays in making pleasure accessible.

    I was at the Romance Writers’ Association conference in 2024 when bestselling writing duo Christina Lauren gave a rousing speech on how writing and reading romance is a feminist act: one of liberation, body empowerment and inclusivity. Author Jade May’s approach to writing spicy romance fiction echoes that important message.

    Jade has Crohn’s disease, an autoimmune condition that not only flipped her world upside down, but disrupted her connection with her body and femininity. As she explains here, romance helped her find her way back to herself – and now she wants to help as many people as possible discover their own path to pleasure.

    “I hope my novels offer readers a much-needed escape – a safe, empowering space where they can explore desires, fantasies, and kinks without fear of judgment,” Jade says. “I want my stories to be part of that larger fictional world where self-discovery and sexual liberation are celebrated, not shamed.”

    I worked on the line and copyedit for the first two books in Jade’s Eden series – contemporary romances set in the high-stakes world of billionaires, starring strong, empowered women who work at a gentleman’s club called Eden. Yes, they’re seriously spicy, but they’re also funny, heartfelt, and deliciously propulsive.

    Here, Jade opens up about her journey to writing spicy romance, what makes a great spice scene, and why her stories are designed to empower readers.

    Jade, tell us a little bit about who you are and how you got into writing.

    I’m an Australian spicy romance author living in sunny Sydney with my husband and our little whirlwind of a son. By day, I run my own business, and by night – when I’m not dozing off in front of the TV – I’m weaving angsty, steamy love stories.

    I’m a Kindle junkie because, let’s face it, my tiny Sydney home doesn’t have room for a sprawling bookshelf. Dark romance is my favourite sub-genre, and I’ve always been a voracious reader.

    I started writing during the COVID lockdowns – a way to express my creativity into something meaningful. What started as a personal project has now become my greatest passion, and I couldn’t be more excited to share my stories with all of you

    How do you describe the stories you write?

    I’d describe my stories as contemporary spicy romance – steamy, emotional, and full of heart. While the heat level is definitely high (and the scenes can get quite explicit), I wouldn’t call them erotica. For me, the spice is never the main event; it’s there to enhance the storyline, deepen the characters’ connections, and add that extra spark. It’s all about finding the perfect balance between passion and plot.

    Tell us about your new release, Tempted by Eden, and the Eden series. What can readers expect from these stories?

    The Eden series centres around the strong, independent women who work at Eden, a luxurious, exclusive brothel where control and desire intertwine, and the rich and famous indulge in their wildest fantasies. But Eden isn’t just about steamy encounters; it’s a world where secrets unravel, boundaries are tested, and true selves are revealed. As they navigate complex relationships, power struggles, and personal growth, they discover their happily-ever-afters with their irresistible alpha men. It’s a series of passion, betrayal, forbidden love, and self-discovery.

    Tempted by Eden is the first book in this spicy interconnected standalone series, which releases on 19 February, 2025. It’s an enemies-to-lovers office romance with a touch of kink, a dash of angst, and an ending that will leave you swooning. Expect high heat, complex emotions, and kink-positive messages throughout the series.

    Eden is a world where secrets unravel, boundaries are tested, and true selves are revealed.

    Why were you drawn to writing spicy romance fiction?

    I was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease at thirteen – right at the threshold of teenage life, when so much of your identity is shaped by the experiences you share with others. I spent a large part of those formative years in hospital, missing out on milestones that most teenagers take for granted. But during those long hospital days, I found solace in reading. Back then, I was a fantasy enthusiast, losing myself in epic tales of dragons, vampires, and werewolves.

    As I got older, my tastes shifted toward romance – spicy, empowering, and unapologetically bold. These stories opened my eyes to the multifaceted power of womanhood – its beauty, messiness, and resilience. They gave me the courage to explore my own desires, understand what appealed to me sexually, and connect with my femininity in ways I’d never done before. Romance was the only genre I saw that was created by women, for women, with women placed unapologetically at the centre of the narrative and desire.

    Spicy romance stories gave me the courage to explore my own desires, understand what appealed to me sexually, and connect with my femininity in ways I’d never done before.

    Living with a chronic illness, I’ve often encountered the assumption that disabled people – whether their disabilities are visible or invisible – are somehow sexless or less-than. Romance fiction shattered that narrative for me. It reminded me that we all share the same desires, needs, and vulnerabilities, regardless of our physical limitations. That realisation was deeply empowering and gave me the confidence to embrace my identity fully.

    Writing romance became a natural evolution of that journey. I wanted to create stories that offered the same kind of escape and self-discovery that reading gave me. Through my books, I hope to provide a safe space for women to explore their own desires and fantasies without judgment – while celebrating the messy, beautiful complexities of life, love, and everything in between.

    While reading and writing spicy romances didn’t magically cure my health struggles, it gave me something equally valuable: a space to heal emotionally, rediscover my femininity, and feel truly seen.

    People often dismiss romance as a genre, particularly erotic fiction. What’s your response to those who see romance as less worthy than other genres?

    The numbers don’t lie – romance is one of the most profitable fiction genres, generating around $1.44 billion in sales annually in the US. Clearly, there’s a massive appetite for it, and for good reason. Romance provides an escape, a refuge in a world that often feels chaotic and challenging. It’s a genre that champions sexual liberation, self-discovery, and human connection.

    For me, writing Tempted by Eden was deeply inspired by themes of self-discovery, feminism, and sexual liberation. It’s my hope that my books not only entertain but also provide that same safe space for others to embrace every part of who they are. Romance is anything but “less worthy” – it’s transformative.

    Your books also explore themes around the stigma sex workers face, and even though your female characters play submissive roles with their partners, they are strong, independent women. Is it important to you as a writer to portray sex-positive and feminist characters?

    Absolutely. I aim to emphasise that submission in a relationship or in the bedroom is a choice – a consensual, empowering one – and it’s not a reflection of weakness or lack of independence. My female characters are strong, self-assured, and know exactly what they want. They communicate their needs, assert their desires, and actively participate in creating dynamics that work for them. In fact, in any submissive relationship, the submissive partner holds immense power because they set the boundaries and ensure they are respected.

    The most important takeaway I want readers to have is that kink, including BDSM, is a personal and erotic choice – one grounded in consent, trust, and mutual respect. There’s a misconception that engaging in BDSM, especially as a submissive, somehow negates your feminist values. That couldn’t be further from the truth. Feminism is about choice – the freedom to live authentically and pursue what fulfills you, whether that involves submitting to a partner in an intimate context or not.

    It’s also essential to highlight that submission is about communication, having your needs heard, and creating an environment where you feel safe and valued, regardless of your partner’s gender or identity. My stories aim to challenge the stigma surrounding these dynamics while celebrating empowered, sex-positive women navigating their own paths with confidence and agency.

    Let’s talk about the craft side of it: Your books have some seriously hot spice scenes, which is a real skill! Have you always been good at writing spice or did you have to work at it?

    Spice is definitely something that has come naturally to me – it’s like my comfort zone when writing. The emotions, the tension, the connection – it all flows so easily. Honestly, it’s everything else that takes work! Crafting a strong plot, developing complex characters, and ensuring all the threads come together seamlessly? That’s where I’ve put in the hours. But the spice? That’s where I get to let loose and have fun.

    Write from a place of genuine emotion and connection. Spice isn’t just about the physical – it’s about the tension, the longing, and the intimacy between the characters. Focus on how the scene propels the relationship forward.

    What advice would you give other authors for writing spice?

    I wish I could give a detailed roadmap for writing great spice, but for me, it’s something that flows naturally – I just sit down and let the words take over. That said, I do have to be in the right mindset for it. If I’m not in the mood, the spice won’t translate well on to the page, so I don’t force it. Sometimes, I avoid writing those scenes altogether during certain parts of the month when I’m not feeling it.

    If I had to give advice, I’d say this: write from a place of genuine emotion and connection. Spice isn’t just about the physical – it’s about the tension, the longing, and the intimacy between the characters. Focus on how the scene propels the relationship forward or reveals something new about the characters.

    Ultimately, the best spice comes when you’re enjoying the process. So set the mood, let go of any pressure, and write what feels authentic to your story.

    Tell me a bit about your writing process. Do you have a writing routine that you follow? How do you keep your ideas and words flowing?

    Honestly, this is something I’m still figuring out! I haven’t quite nailed down a writing routine that works perfectly for me. Up until now, my writing has fit in around my health, family, and business – they always come first. I’m currently experimenting with different approaches to see what sticks and what feels sustainable long-term.

    One of my biggest challenges is being a perfectionist. I constantly want to edit and refine as I go, which slows down my progress and sometimes keeps me stuck in the same place. This year, I’m trying something new: writing sprints and committing not to edit or rewrite until I’ve hit 20,000 words. It’s a way to let the story flow and keep myself moving forward.

    I think the key is to stay flexible and patient with yourself. Writing is a creative and personal process, and what works for one person might not work for another. It’s all about finding your rhythm and allowing yourself the grace to adjust as you go.

    What’s your favourite writing craft tip or mantra?

    My favourite writing mantra is: Don’t force it. If you’re not feeling it, step away. Writing when you’re uninspired often leads to work that doesn’t feel authentic – and more often than not, you’ll end up rewriting it later. Let the ideas come naturally, and when you’re in the right mindset, the words will flow and truly resonate on the page. Writing should feel like a connection, not a chore.

    I really enjoyed copyediting two of your books last year and especially loved the humour and depth you injected into your stories – the characters are really relatable and vibrant. You also have a great sense of how to pull readers through a book. How important is editing to your process?

    Thank you so much – you’re too kind! It’s funny you mention the humour because I never intentionally set out to inject it into my books, but it somehow sneaks in through my writing style. I guess it’s just a natural part of how I tell stories!

    Editing, though, is absolutely fundamental to my process – it’s where the magic really happens. I usually start with a first draft to get the story down, then move on to a second draft to polish and refine. After that, it’s off to developmental editing, where I make sure the structure and characters are as strong as they can be. Then comes another round of revisions, followed by line and copyediting to tighten the prose and perfect the details. Finally, I wrap it all up with proofreading to catch any lingering errors.

    Each stage of editing is critical, and I truly believe it’s what transforms a story into something special. It’s hard work, but seeing the final result – something I’m proud to share with readers – makes it all worth it.

    Can you tell us what you’re working on at the moment?

    Right now, I’m deep into the third book of the Eden series – but it’s all under wraps for now! I can’t share too much just yet, but what I can promise is the same signature mix of heat, emotion, and angst from my other books. Stay tuned – this one’s going to be worth the wait.

    Finally, where can we buy your books and follow your author journey?

    You can grab Tempted by Eden on Kindle Unlimited from 19 February. Seduced by Eden is available at all online retailers for pre-orders and will release on 21 May. After its release, it will move exclusively to Amazon – so don’t miss your chance to snag it on other platforms. For collectors, my special limited-edition foil hardbacks, printed in stunning full colour, are available on my website – they’re absolutely gorgeous!

    Stay connected and follow my author journey on Instagram, TikTok, Threads, and Facebook: @authorjademay. Join my reader group, Jade May’s Manor, or sign up for my newsletter to stay in the loop and get exclusive updates.

    PS: Writers, if you’d like to chat about line and copyediting for your romance, drop me a line for a free sample edit and Zoom call.

  • How-to

    How to use dashes: a guide for authors

    Get a handle on how to use en and em dashes in fiction and non-fiction writing

    Welcome to the much-requested follow-up to my hyphen blog post! I’m here to walk you through how to use dashes in fiction and non-fiction writing, because I know you love them but you don’t always know if you need them.

    What are dashes?

    Let’s be clear: I’m not talking about hyphens (-) here. We covered that in this post. Dashes are similar but longer horizontal lines that have an entirely different role to play in your writing.

    Depending on your preference or your region, you may be more familiar with an en dash (–) or an em dash (—). The en dash is more often seen in British and Australian English texts, while the em dash is common in the land that loves everything bigger: America, of course!

    This is not a hard and fast rule: you can use whatever length dash in any location, as long as you’re consistent. Their names are a throwback to the early days of typesetting: an en dash is a line that is approximately the width of the letter N, while the em dash is about the width of the letter M.

    Spacing around dashes

    You might have noticed that dashes are often used with or without spaces around them. Often, an en dash is ‘spaced’. It looks like – this.

    Em dashes are often seen ‘closed’, like—this. But they can also be left ‘open’, like — this.

    How to type en dashes and em dashes

    If you use a Mac, it’s easy.

    • En dash: option + hyphen [-]
    • Em dash: option + shift + hyphen [-]

    For Windows users, it’s a little more complicated.

    In Microsoft Word, you can type a hyphen [-] with spaces around it and it will automatically convert to a dash. For an em dash, type two hyphens without spaces around them and it will convert to a closed em dash.

    Or use these shortcuts:

    • En dash: ctrl + hyphen [-]
    • Em dash: alt + ctrl + hyphen [-]

    Outside of Microsoft Office programs, use these shortcuts:

    • Em dash: alt + 0151
    • En dash: alt + 0150

    If your dream is a keyboard with an em or en dash key, you could map a key you don’t often use to type your preferred dash.

    Which dash is best?

    There’s no right or wrong here. It’s a style choice. In the UK and Australia, we tend to use spaced en dashes. US readers will probably be more familiar with closed em dashes. Consider using the style that your audience will be familiar with. The most important thing is to be consistent, so if you usually use en dashes, don’t just throw in a closed em dash when you feel particularly, er, dashing.

    There are a few caveats (of course. This is English we’re talking about). In some cases, an en or em dash is the correct option, regardless of your style for dashes. Let’s go through the uses for dashes.

    Dashes that separate a word, clause or phrase from the main clause

    This is, I think, the most common use of dashes and the most commonly confused. We use dashes (en or em) to add information, an explanation, a humorous aside, or to interject. I see writers become concerned that using dashes in this way is somehow incorrect, which I think stems from the fact that dashes are just one way of punctuating these kinds of sentences; you can also use parentheses and commas.

    Let’s take a look:

    • The man – a stranger – was tall and imposing.

    You could also write this sentence as:

    • The man, a stranger, was tall and imposing.
    • The man (a stranger) was tall and imposing.

    None of these are wrong, but consider the impact of each punctuation choice. For me, the dashes give the sentence greater tension than the quieter comma or the gentle aside of the parentheses. The emphasis on the stranger is stark, pointing out that the reader should take special note of this information. The parentheses and the commas don’t give the same sense of foreboding or danger. So if you’re debating whether to use a dash or alternative punctuation, try writing them out and seeing if the tone of the sentence changes. Sometimes you might not want the drama of the dashes!

    Dashes can also be used to create a sense of humour or sarcasm. Think of them like a comedic beat. For example:

    • The kids were helping in the kitchen – well, that’s how they put it.
    • Trump said the trial was ‘very terrible’ – it was certainly an ordeal for our reporters.

    You can also use a dash instead of a colon. For instance:

    • At last, the man told them his name: Michael.
    • At last, the man told them his name – Michael.

    Or you might be tossing up between a dash and a semicolon. For example:

    • She knew all about the new guy – everyone did.
    • She knew all about the new guy; everyone did.

    And remember, you can use closed em dashes if that’s your style:

    • The man—a stranger—was imposing.
    • At last, the man told them his name—Michael.
    • She knew all about the new guy—everyone did.

    As with so much in writing, whether to use a dash or an alternative punctuation mark is up to you and your unique style. You might feel that a colon is too formal for your project, or that parentheses don’t belong in dialogue. These are valid arguments, and if you feel strongly about it, always communicate that with your editor so they know your preferences.

    Dashes in dialogue

    Another really important use of dashes in fiction (and non-fiction, especially narrative non-fiction) is to set off narrative description when it interrupts dialogue.

    You probably already know all about using action beats in dialogue (if not, stay tuned for a blog post soon). When these fall between full sentences, it looks like this (the action beat is in bold):

    • ‘I did the job, just like you asked.’ Michael ran a sweaty palm down his leg. ‘I want my money.’

    But when the action beat interrupts a sentence, you can use dashes to show action happening at the same time as the speech. Take a look at this:

    • ‘I did the job’ – Michael ran a sweaty palm down his leg – ‘and now I want my money.’

    If you’re using closed em dashes, it would look like this:

    • ‘I did the job’—Michael ran a sweaty palm down his leg—‘and now I want my money.’

    We also use dashes to indicate when dialogue is interrupted. Usually (not always!), we use em dashes for this, regardless of whether the overall style is for en dashes or not. Take a look at this:

    • ‘Michael, the job just wasn’t worth—’
    • ‘I told you, I want my money!’

    While a closed em dash is the simplest way to indicate broken-off speech, some style guides will differentiate between a spaced em dash after a complete word to indicate a broken-off sentence, and a closed-up em dash to indicate a broken-off word:

    • To indicate an interrupted sentence: ‘Michael, the job just wasn’t worth —’
    • To indicate an interrupted word: ‘Michael, the job just wasn’t wor—’

    Other style guides might use spaced en dashes instead of em dashes for interruptions. Take a look at this conversation between Taylor and Andie in That Island Feeling by Karina May, published by Pan Macmillan.

    • ‘I won’t hear another word about it! We’re taking you away,’ I announce.
    • ‘But I don’t –’
    • ‘I know the perfect place.’

    It’s worth noting that no other punctuation is needed after the dash before the closing quotation mark. For example, please don’t ever write: ‘But I don’t —,’ or ‘But I don’t—.’

    What about the sentence following the interruption – shouldn’t that begin with a dash, you might ask? I see this a lot, but the only case for it is when the sentence is interrupted and a different character or the same character finishes the same sentence. Take a look at this example from Not Here to Make Friends by Jodi McAlister, published by Simon & Schuster, in which Lily and Murray are discussing their first job on a reality TV show:

    •  ‘It’s a long game,’ I said. ‘First, we learn the rules. And then—’
    • ‘—we seize the means of production?’

    Here, Murray is finishing the sentence for Lily, so the opening dash shows that it’s the one sentence. Similarly, you might have one character’s sentence interrupted by action and dialogue, like this:

    • ‘Look, I love him and—’
    • The doorbell rang and my parents’ heads swivelled to the sound.
    • ‘Darling, the pizza’s here. Can this wait?’ Mum asked gently.
    • ‘—I’m going to marry him, dammit!’ I yelled.
    If the character had responded to Mum’s question about the pizza (therefore beginning a new sentence), it would be punctuated like this: 
     
    • ‘Look, I love him and—’
    • The doorbell rang and my parents’ heads swivelled to the sound.
    • ‘Darling, the pizza’s here. Can this wait?’ Mum asked gently.
    • ‘No, it absolutely cannot!’ I yelled.

    Dashes that indicate halting speech

    In my guide to hyphens I showed how to use hyphens to indicate stuttered speech. Similarly you can use dashes to show speech that is faltering or hesitant, with dashes between each full word. This is great way to show a character who is flustered, rushed or nervous. Here’s an example with both em dashes and en dashes.

    • Em dashes: ‘I don’t—I mean, I can’t—I just—I’m not sure about this, Mandy.’
    • En dashes: ‘I don’t – I mean, I can’t – I just – I’m not sure about this, Mandy.’

    If you wanted to show the sentence trailing off, you could use an ellipsis alongside your dashes:

    • ‘I just – I don’t know … I’m not sure, Mandy.’

    Dashes between words of equal importance

    While hyphens are used to join two or more words to create a single unit, an en dash can be used in a similar way to show an equal relationship between the words. For example:

    • win–win
    • work–life balance
    • on–off relationship
    • doctor–patient confidentiality
    This is always the job of an en dash, even if your style is to use em dashes as dashes generally.

    Dashes in a range

    Again, regardless of your style, use en dashes only to replace ‘to’ and ‘from’ in a range:

    • Monday–Friday
    • 9.30am–5pm
    • 1980–1990

    Dashes to indicate omitted text

    Want to use swear words without swearing? Use em dashes (and only em dashes). Want to mention a person without actually revealing the name? Use em dashes. A closed em dash indicates that part of the word is missing, while a spaced em dash indicates the entire word has been omitted.

    • ‘You are a real piece of s—, you are,’ he said.
    • The antique belongs to Mrs — of Highgate.

    Author Meg Mason uses this technique to devastating effect in her book Sorrow and Bliss published by Fourth Estate. Two em dashes (indicating two missing words) are used throughout to conceal the name of Martha’s mental illness, forcing the reader to set aside unconscious biases and focus on the character’s experience. Here’s an example of how it was used:

    • All of it had been chosen by a woman who as far as she knew did not have — —, a woman who just thought she wasn’t good at being a person.

    Common mistakes with dashes

    The biggest dash clangers I see as an editor?

    • * Not using en or em dashes consistently
    • * Adding a comma or full stop after a dash used to indicate an interrupted sentence

    Most of the time, though, I think authors have a good instinct for using them to indicate an aside or to separate a clause or phrase within a sentence, so don’t stress about your dashes – follow your heart!

    All you have to decide now is which dash you prefer – are you an en or an em dash author?

    If you have more questions about how to use dashes in your writing, drop me a line. I can also help you manage your punctuation mishaps with a line and copyedit for your work in progress. Get in touch for a free sample edit.